VOICE CHANGE / ভয়েস চেঞ্জ

বাচ্য পরিবর্তন

বাংলায় যাকে বাচ্য বলে, ইংরেজিতে তাই-ই ‘Voice’। তবে বাংলায় বাচ্য তিন  প্রকারের কর্তৃবাচ্য, কর্মবাচ্য ও ভাববাচ্য। কিন্তু ইংরেজিতে Voice দুই প্রকার-    Active Voice এবং Passive Voice.

Voice বা বাচ্য মানে কথা বলার ধরন।

যদি কোন বাক্যের সামগ্রিক অর্থের ন পরিবর্তন না ঘটিয়ে কেবল মাত্র বাক্যটি  বলার  ধরন পাল্টে দেওয়া হয়, তাহলে সেইরূপ পরিবর্তনকে বাচ্য পরিবর্তন বা    Voice change বলে। যেমন :

        I love Bubu. (Active)

        Bubu is loved by me. (Passive)

এই দুটি বাক্যে অর্থের কোন পার্থক্য নেই। দুটি বাক্যের ক্রিয়াপদ love অর্থাৎ  ভালবাসা। কে ভালবাসে ? আমি। কাকে ভালবাসা হয় ? বুবুকে। সুতরাং দুটির    বক্তব্য  একই। দুই বাক্যে দুই প্রকারে ঐ একই কথা বলা হয়েছে।

অথাৎ দুটি বাক্যে বাচ্যের  পরিবর্তন হয়েছে, বিষয়বস্তুর পরিবর্তন হয় নি।

Voice সম্বন্ধে জানতে হলে Subject এবং Predicate সম্বন্ধে আগে বোঝা দরকার।অবশ্য এই Subject এবং Predicate সম্পর্কে আমরা আগেই আলোচনা করেছি।

এখন, আর একটু চর্চা করে নেওয়া যাক।

কোন sentence- এ যখন একটি কাজ সম্পন্ন হয় তখন যিনি ঐ কাজটি সম্পাদন  করেন তিনই Subject বা কর্তা। Subject is the doer of the action.

Perdicate হচ্ছে বাক্যের মধ্যে সেই শব্দসমষ্টি যা Subject-এর সম্পর্কে কিছু বলে।Predicate is the word or group of words that tells us something about the Subject.

আর Object বা কর্ম হচ্ছে Verb-এর (বা ক্রিয়ার) receiver (বা গ্রাহক)। এটি  Verb-কে গ্রহণ করে। এটি Noun বা Pronoun হতে পারে। যে verb-এর object থাকে তাকে Transitive Verb বা সকর্মক ক্রিয়া বলে। আর যার object থাকে  না তাকে বলে Intransitive Verb বা অকর্মক ক্রিয়া। যেমন :–

The cat killed the rat.

এই বাক্যে,  

‘cat’’ — Subject (উদ্দেশ্য)

‘killed the rat’ — Predicate (বিধেয়)

এই বাক্যের Subject ‘cat’ হচ্ছে ক্রিয়ার সম্পাদক – ‘doer of action’; তাই  এটির Verb টি active কিন্তু Subject বা কতা যখন ‘receiver of action’ হবে, অর্থাৎ, ক্রিয়ার গ্রাহক হবে তখন এটির Verb টি Passive হবে। অর্থাৎ,

The cat killed the rat. (Active Voice)

The rat was killed by the cat. (Passive Voice)

The boy kicked the ball. (Active Voice)

The ball was kicked by the boy. (Passive Voice)

প্রথম sentence দুটোতে Subject হচ্ছে ‘cat’ এবং ‘rat’; দুটোতে Subject হচ্ছে  ‘boy’ এবং ‘ball । cat’ এবং boy’ হচ্ছে ‘doers of action’; ‘rat’ এবং ‘ball’ হচ্ছে ‘receivers of action’ |

তাহলে বঝা গেল, একটি বাক্যে কত অথাৎ Subject যখন সরাসরি বা প্রত্যক্ষভাবে  নিজেই ক্রিয়া সম্পাদন করেন তখন কর্তৃবাচ্য বা Active Voice হয়।

When the subject of the sentence is the doer or actor, the verb is active. যেমন :–

I do it; He said this; He runs.

যখন বাক্যে কর্তা অর্থাৎ Subject সরাসরি কিছু করেন না, কাজটা তাঁর দ্বারা  সম্পন্ন হয়েছে এরূপ বুঝায় তখন কর্মবাচ্য বা Passive Voice হয়।

When the subject of the sentence is acted upon the verb is passive. যেমন :–

It is done by me. This was said by him.

voice এর নিয়ম

বাচ্য পরিবর্তনের সময় চারটি সাধারণ নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হয়। যথা:-

(1) Active Voice এর কর্ম ‘Object’ passive voice এর ‘Subject’ হবে।

The object in the Active Voice becomes the subject in the Passive Voice.

(2) Passive Voice (Active Voice থেকে পরিবর্তিত) এর Subject এবং Active Voice এর tense অনুসারে ‘to be’ verb বসবে। 

Some form of ‘to be’ verb takes place according to the new subject in passive voice and the tense of the verb in Active Voice.

(3) Passive Voice -এ, Active Voice এর verb এর past participle (V₃)         এর  রূপ  হবে।

The verb in the active voice is changed into the past participle form in the Passive Voice.

(4) Active Voice এর Subject বা কর্তা Passive Voice এ by-এর কর্মরূপে   বসবে। অর্থাৎ Object এর আগে ‘by’ বসবে।

The ‘Subject’ in the ‘Active Voice’ becomes the ‘Object’ in the ‘Passive Voice’, generally preceded by the preposition ‘by’.

একটি উদাহরণ বিশ্লেষণ করে দেখা যাক—

I do it. (Active Voice)

এই বাক্যের Subject হচ্ছে I, Verb হচ্ছে ‘do’ এবং object হচ্ছে ‘it’.

এখন Voice Change-এর নিয়ম অনুযায়ী এই বাক্যের Object ‘it’ Passive   Voice-এর Subject হবে। তার পর এই Subject ‘it‘ এবং Active Voice-এর  tense (এক্ষেত্রে present tense) অনুযায়ী ‘to be’ verb বসবে। It এর পর  present tense-এর ‘to be’ verb হবে ‘is’। তাহলে হল ‘It is’. তারপর Active Voice-এর verb-এর past participle (V₃) হবে। এক্ষেত্রে verb হচ্ছে ‘do’    এবং  তার  past participle(V₃)-এর রূপ হচ্ছে ‘done’. তাহলে হল ‘It is done.  

সর্বশেষ নিয়ম হচ্ছে Active Voice -এর subject Passive Voice -এ ‘by’-এর  কর্ম হয়ে বসবে। এখানে Active Voice -এর subject ‘I’. ‘I’ এর কর্মরুপ হল – ‘me‘ অর্থাৎ ‘by me’. তাহলে পুরো বাক্যটি দাঁড়াল – ‘It is done by me.’   

সুতরাং –

I do it. (Active Voice)

It is done by me. (Passive Voice)

Active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Rule 1:

a) Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়ে যায়।
b) Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject এ রুপান্তর হয়।
c) মূল verb এর past participle হয় এবং subject ও tense অনুসারে auxiliary verb/be verb হয়।

Rule 2:

Indefinite tense:

a) Present indefinite – am, is, are.
b) Past indefinite – was, were.
c) Future indefinite – shall be, will be.

Continuous tense:

a) Present Continuous- am being, is being, are being.
b) Past Continuous – was being, were being
c) Future Continuous – shall be being, will be being.

Perfect tense:

a) Present Perfect – has been, have been.
b) Past Perfect- had been.
c) Future Perfect- shall have been, will have been.

Rule 3:

a) Present indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-Structure:
Object এর subject + am/is/are + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active – I play football.
Passive- Football is played by me.
Active- They eat rice.
Passive- Rice is eaten by them.

b)Present continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-Structure:
Object এর subject + am being/is being/are being + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: I am playing football.
Passive: football is being played by me.
Active: He is eating rice.
Passive: Rice is being eaten by him.

c)Present perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-Structure:
Object এর subject + have been/ has been + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: He has eaten rice.
Passive: Rice has been eaten by him.
Active: I have played football.
Passive: Football has been played by me.

d)Past indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-Structure:
Object এর subject + was/were + v3+ by + subject এর object

Active: I ate rice.
Passive: Rice was eaten by me.
Active: They played football.
Passive: Football was played by them.

e)Past continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-Structure:
Object এর subject + was being/were being + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: I was eating rice.
Passive: the rice was being eaten by me.
Active: They were catching fish.
Passive: Fishes were being caught by them.

f) Past perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-Structure:
Object এর subject + had been + v3+ by + subject এর object.Active: I had eaten rice.
Passive: Rice had been eaten by me.
Active: we had dug the cannel.
Passive: The cannel had been dug by us.

g) Future indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-Structure: Object এর subject + shall be/will be + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: I will eat rice.
Passive: Rice will be eaten by me.
Active: They will play football.
Passive: Football will be played by them.

h)Future continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-Structure:
Object এর subject + shall be being/will be being + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: I will be eating rice.
Passive: Rice will be being eaten by me.
Active: They will be playing football.
Passive: Football will be being

i)Future perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-Structure:
Object এর subject + shall have been /will have been + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: I will have eaten rice.
Passive: Rice will have been eaten by me.
Active: They will have caught the fish.
Passive: The fish will have been caught by them.

 তাহলে চলো, আরো বিভিন্ন tense-এ নিচের উদাহরণগুলি লক্ষ্য করা যাক। 

Active	Passive
Present Indefinite Tense
I read the book.	The book is read by me.
The man sells rice.	Rice is sold by the man.
Do cats eat mice?	Are mice eaten by cats?
Present Continuous Tense
Mary is cooking dinner.	The dinner is being cooked by Mary.
The farmer is ploughing the field.	The field is being ploughed by the farmer.
He is showing a picture.	A picture is being shown by him.
Present Perfect Tense
The cat has caught the mouse.	The mouse has been caught by the cat.
Somebody has broken the window.	The window has been broken by somebody.
He has shown the picture.	The picture has been shown by him.
Past Indefinite Tense
He killed the tiger.	The tiger was killed by him.
He showed the picture.	The picture was shown by him.
Past Continuous Tense
Our soldiers were driving back the enemy.	The enemy was being driven back by our soldiers.
He was showing us the picture.	The picture was being shown to us by him.
Past Perfect Tense
They had eaten the cake.	The cake had been eaten by them.
He had shown the picture in the public.	The picture had been shown by him in the public.
Future Indefinite Tense
The teacher will help us.	We will be helped by the teacher.
He will show the picture.	The picture will be shown by him.
Future Continuous Tense
The men will be doing all the work next week.	All the work will be being done next week by the men.
He will be showing the picture.	The picture will be being shown by him.
Future Perfect Tense
He will have shown the picture.	The picture will have been shown by him.
The administrator will have closed the school by the next month.	The school will have been closed by the administrator by the next month.

উপরের sentence গুলিতে subject, object-এর interchange বা পর  পর স্থানান্তর এবং verb-এর পরিবর্তন লক্ষ্য করলে voice change-এর প্রকৃতি সম্বন্ধে সুষ্পষ্ট ধারণা হতে পারে। 

Rule 4:

May, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-Structure:
Object এর subject + may, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to এর পরে be + v3+ by + subject এর object.

Active: I may help you.
Passive: you may be helped by me.
Active: you must do the work.
Passive: The work must be done by you.
Active: we ought to obey our teachers.
Passive: our teachers ought to be obeyed by us.
Active: we are going to open a shop.
Passive: A shop is going to be opened by us.
Active: we are going to open a shop.
Passive: A shop is going to be opened by us.

Rule 5:

Imperative sentence এর active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-A) শুধু মাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:
Let + object এর subject + be + v3

Active: close the door.
Passive: Let the door be closed.
Active: shut the window.
Passive: Let the window be shut.

1. Look at the board. (Active)

=> Let the board be looked at. (Passive).

2. Do it. (Active)

=> Let it be done, (Passive)

উপরের উদাহরণগুলিতে Active Voice-এর sentence-এ Subject উহ্য আছে।Passive Voice-এ পরিবর্তন করার সময়ও ওগুলি উহ্যই রয়েছে।

কিন্তু অনেকক্ষেত্রে ঐ উহ্য থাকা Subject গুলিকে Passive Voice-এ ‘by’-এর কর্ম হিসাবে উল্লেখ করে দেওয়া হয়। যেমন—

1. Do your duty. (Active)

=> Let your duty be done by you. (Passive)

2. Pluck the flower. (Active)

=> Let the flower be plucked by you. (Passive)

Let ব্যবহার না করেও Imperative mood-এর sentence গুলির voice change করা যায়। যেমন— 

1. Tell him to go. (Active)

=> Let him be told to go. (Passive) Or,

=> He should be told to go. (Passive)

2. Keep your word. (Active)

=> Your word should be kept. (Passive)

3. Please keep off the grass. (Active)

=> You are requested to keep off the grass. (Passive)  

4. Put up a tent. (Active)

=> Have a tent put up. (Passive)

Rule 6:

Do not দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:
Let not + object এর subject + be + v3

Active: Do not close the door.
Passive: Let not the door be closed.
Active: Do not shut the window.
Passive: Let not the window be shut.

Rule 7:  

Let এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you, them, him, her)থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:
Let + object এর subject + be + v3 + by + ব্যক্তিবাচক object.

Active: Let me play football.
Passive: Let the football be played by me.
Active: Let us sing a song.
Passive: let a song be sung by us.
Active: let him give the chance.
Passive: let the chance be given by him.

Rule 8:  Never যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:
Let not + object এর subject + ever be + v3Active: Never tell a lie.
Passive: Let not a lie ever be told.
Active: Never go there.
Passive: let not there ever be gone.

Rule 9:  

কখনো কখনো Transitive Verb-এর দুইটি করে Object থাকে। Passive    Voice করার সময় যে কোন একটি Object কে Subject করা হয়। অপর Object টি  Object রূপেই sentence-এ থেকে যায়। যে Object টি থেকে যায় তাকে    Retained Object বলে। যেমন—

1. He gave me a book. (Active)

=> I was given a book by him. (Passive) অথবা

=> A book was given me by him. (Passive)

2. He teaches us Bengali. (Active)

=> We are taught Bengali by him. (Passive) অথবা 

=> Bengali is taught us by him. (Passive).

উপরের 1 নং উদাহরণের প্রথম দৃষ্টান্তে ‘a book’, ‘retained object’ হয়েছে  এবং দ্বিতীয় দৃষ্টান্তে ‘a book’, ‘subject’ হয়েছে এবং ‘me’ হয়েছে ‘retained object’.

2 নং উদাহরণের প্রথম দৃষ্টান্তে ‘Us (we)’ হয়েছে : ‘subject’ এবং ‘retained object’ হয়েছে ‘Bengali’ এবং দ্বিতীয় দৃষ্টান্তে ঐ ‘Bengali’ হয়েছে ‘subject’, এবং ‘Us’ হয়েছে ‘retained object’ ।

 

Rule 10:

যে সমস্ত verb-এর Object থাকে না তাদের Intransitive Verb বলে।

যেমন, rise, die, lie, fly, sit প্রভৃতি।

পাখি ওড়ে – Birds fly. 

কে ওড়ে ? পাখি ওড়ে। কি ওড়ে? এই প্রশ্নের উত্তর পাওয়া যায় না। সুতরাং এর  ‘কর্ম বা Object’ নেই। এই সব Intransitive Verb -এর voice change হয় না।

কখনো কখনো আবার Intransitive Verb-এরও voice change করা যায়।

অনেক সময় (active voice-এ) Intransitive Verb-এর একটি ‘Cognate Object’ থাকে। সেই ক্ষেত্রে voice change করা সম্ভব। যেমন—

1. The battle was fought at this place.

2. The race you speak of was run yesterday.

Intransitive Verb যদি ‘prepositional’ বা ‘group verb’ হয় তাহলেও voice change করা সম্ভব। যেমন—

1. They laugh at us. (Active)

=> We are laughed at by them. (Passive)

2. He dispensed with my services. (Active)

=> My services were dispensed with by him. (Passive)

Rule 11:  

‘Complex Sentence’ এর ‘voice’ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে ‘principale’   এবং ‘subordinate’ —দু’রকম clause-এরই ‘voice’ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। কখনো কখনো Introductory ‘It‘ ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন :>

Active:> I know that he did the work.

Passive:> It is known to me that the work was done by me.

or,> That the work was done by him is known to me.

Active:> It is said that they know it.

Passive :> Everybody says that it is known by them.

Active:> We must endure what we cannot cure.

Passive :> What cannot be cured must be endured.

Rule 12:  

কোন কোন সময় ‘passive voice’-এ ‘object’ উহ্য থাকে। সেই সব    sentence কে ‘active voice’-এ রূপান্তরিত করার সময় একটি ‘object’  ধরে নিয়ে   সেটিকেই ‘subject’ করতে হয়। যেমন: –

Passive:> My book has been lost.

Active:> I have lost my book.

Passive:> The lion is called the King of beasts.

Active:> People call the lion the king of beasts.

Passive:> It is said Ram will come.

Active:> People say that Ram will come.

উপরের উদাহরণগুলিতে ‘I’, এবং ‘people’ প্রভৃতি ঐরূপ ‘object’ যেগুলি উহ্য, সেগুলিকে ‘Active Voice’-এ ‘Subject’ করা হয়েছে।

Rule 13:  

Adjective-এর পরের ‘verb’ টি ‘infinitive’ হলে তার Passive Voice হয় না। যেমন : –

1. Metal is hard to digest.

এই ক্ষেত্রে ‘to be digested’ — এরূপ হবে না। 

2. English is not easy to learn.

এই ক্ষেত্রে ‘to be learnt’ হবে না।  

Rule 14:  

কিছু কিছু ‘verb active voice’ -এ ব্যবহৃত হলেও উহাদের অর্থ passive -এর মত। এই জাতীয় ‘verb’ গুলিকে ‘quasi-passive verb’ বলা হয়। এগুলি  ক্ষেত্র বিশেষে ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন : –

1. A ripe apple tastes nice. (when it is tasted)

2. The rose smells sweet.

বিভিন্ন Tense-এ ‘to be’ verb-এর রূপ নিচে দেওয়া হল : –

এতক্ষন আমাদের সাথে থাকার জন্য ধন্যবাদ!